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Hello!
Everyone enjoys making out (emettere) invoices and today we look at some possible translations that may be useful for a Civil Law Notary Public when billing (fatturare) items (voci).
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Hello!
Today we look at the possible basis for a quotation that an Italian Civil Law Notary Public might send to a new client who requires succession, conveyancing or other services:
Dear Ms Jacobs
Subject: quotation for activities to be carried regarding [-] (brief description of activities) Continua a leggere
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Hello!
Today we are in England to we meet John and Mary.
John puts his home up for sale for £500,000. Mary visits the home, loves it and agrees to buy it for £500,000. They shake hands and smile.
Mary immediately calls her lawyer who does various property searches for her (£1,300). She also engages (ingaggia) a surveyor (geometra) who does a physical inspection of the property and writes a favourable report (£750), and a bank who agrees to give her a loan (booking fee: £150 and valuation fee: €500).
Three weeks later John meets Henrietta. He tells her that he is selling his home to Mary for £500,000.
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Hello!
Today we will look at some words that Italian people have borrowed from English, but which are used in a way that native English speakers would not easily understand. In bold is what you should say if want a native English speaker to understand you:
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Hello!
Today we look at two interesting concepts in Land Law, namely an easement (servitù) and a profit à prendre (a volte servitù, o licenza, o usi civici).
Easements may arise (verificarsi) when you want to use another person’s land for a specific purpose, e.g., as a right of way for people, for telephone lines, gas pipelines, sewers (fognature), or for storage (stoccaggio).
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Names with reciprocal opposite relationships are often indicated by -er/-or and -ee endings in Legal English.
Generally the party who “does” or “gives” ends in -er/-or, while the party who “receives” ends in -ee. So, for example, an Employer is someone who gives employment to another person known as an Employee.
Lets look at some more common examples like this:
Assignor is a party who assigns or transfers something to another party.
Assignee is the party to whom something is assigned.
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Before the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), every company was required to include an objects clause (oggetto sociale) in its memorandum of association (atto costitutivo). This objects clause set out the purpose for which the company was formed and limited the activities of the company to those set out (stabilite) in its objects clause. Any transaction that fell outside the objects clause was ultra vires, which means “outside the capacity of the company”, and therefore void (nulla). Today UK companies are no longer required to have an objects clause.
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Many Latin expressions are used in Legal English. Degrees in Law in Common Law countries do not require students to study Latin, so how do you know when you can or can’t use Latin expressions in a legal context? The answer is easy. I have drawn up a list and if a Latin expression is on my list, then it is hot, otherwise it is not. This list does not consider Latin words used in Criminal Law, but only focuses on areas which correspond to the Latin Civil Law. Continua a leggere
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Default has quite a few meanings and some may be new for you. It can be used to mean:
He defaulted in payment and the bank foreclosed on (ha pignorato) his car.
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Be careful of how you perceive and translate “Agent”.
Agent, or a Company Agent or an Agent of the Company all mean the same thing (mandatario) and can be used interchangeably.
An agency relationship is a relationship between two parties called a Principal (mandante) and an Agent (mandatario). In this relationship the function of the agent is to create one or more contracts between the principal and third parties or to act as the representative of the principal in other ways.
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Make sure you understand how injunction is commonly used in Legal English.
In legal terms an injunction almost always has a negative implication. Fundamentally an injunction is a restrictive court order. It is an order to abstain from doing something or an order NOT TO DO something in the present or the future. For example, in real estate a court may impose an injunction (diffida; ordine di non fare) for the sale of the property to the third-party if a selling party agrees to sell a parcel of land to an individual and subsequently accepts and pursues an offer from a thirdparty purchaser.
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Be careful of how you translate “Mortgage”. We use it to mean at least four different things like:
1. A loan (prestito; mutuo): We ask the bank for a mortgage when we want to buy a new home, e.g. (i) The bank granted her a mortgage of £200,000. (ii) She has to repay a mortgage of £200,000;
2. An agreement (Il contratto per il mutuo): It is a contract made between the bank that is lending money and the borrower. The mortgage agreement will specify the amount of money that the borrower receives, interest to be paid, and will state that the lender receives a lien (pegno) on the property. e.g. The mortgage will be signed tomorrow in the Regent Street branch of the bank;
3. A lien (pegno; vincolo): The mortgage is the lien over the real estate which the borrower grants to the lender. e.g. The bank has a mortgage over that home and must be repaid before title can pass to the new owner;
4. An instrument (strumento): The instrument by which rights are transferred. A civil-law hypotheca is the equivalent to an English mortgage by legal charge.
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Technically speaking all land in the UK is ultimately owned by the Crown and the most that anyone else can have is called an estate in the land. “Estate in land” means the rights which a person has to control and use the land. An estate owner is often said to have ownership (proprietà) of the land but legal specialists prefer to use the term “tenure” to express the way people “hold” land.
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Transferor, Transferee and Transmittee are important words when speaking about the shares owned in a company. Make sure that the difference is clear to you.
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Today we look at the differences in meaning of tax evasion, tax mitigation, and tax avoidance.
Tax Evasion is an illegal way of escaping (sottrarsi al) tax payment. It is the deliberate hiding (occultamento) or non declaration of information from the tax authority. It is unlawful and usually a criminal offense (reato) in most jurisdictions. The verb is “to evade taxes” and it has a criminal connotation.