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Hello!
In Common Law countries, a company’s board of directors is typically made up of both executive and non-executive directors. While both types of directors have important roles to play in the company’s governance, there are some key differences between the two.
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Hello!
Today today we look at the difference between the transfer of shares and the transmission of shares.
Transfer of shares refers to the process of voluntarily transferring ownership of shares from one person to another. This typically occurs when an individual sells their shares to another person, or when they give them as a gift. The transfer process requires both the transferor (cedente) and the transferee (cessionario) to sign a share transfer form, which is then submitted to the company for registration. Once the transfer is registered, the new owner is listed as the shareholder and is entitled to all the rights associated with ownership, such as voting rights, dividends, and capital gains (plusvalenze).
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Today we look at how and when we use they, them and their as pronouns for singular nouns. In English grammar we call this the epicene “they” and it has been in use since 1375.
They, them and their are often used as pronouns to refer to certain singular nouns or to refer to indefinite pronouns. We do this when those words cannot be defined simply as he or she because we don’t know the gender of the subject and it would be horrible to use “it” because we are speaking of a person.
Let’s look at some practical examples:
Please note that in these cases the verb agrees with the they pronoun:
It is possible to substitute the epicene “they” pronoun with nouns, but this is not always recommended because it often makes the reading heavy and repetitive. For instance:
In some cases a plural subject noun can be inserted instead of the epicene “they” pronoun with little or no change to the meaning of the sentence:
Furthermore, gender non-conforming people may use ‘they’ ‘them’ and ‘theirs’ as personal pronouns. ‘They’ is a gender-neutral pronoun, compared to pronouns like ‘he/him’ or ‘she/her’ which are gendered terms. If someone tells us that they would like they/them/their to be used when referring to them in the third person, we do so. For example:
Remember: when we speak TO people in the second person who use they/them/their pronouns we use you:
When we speak ABOUT people in the third person who use they/them/their pronouns we use they/them/their:
Easy.
Thank you very much and see you next time for more Peter’s Pills to improve your Legal English!
See more on the epicene “they” here: A brief history of singular ‘they’.
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Hello!
Today we look at “jointly and severally”.
“Jointly and severally” (in via solidale; in solido) is a legal term used to describe a situation where two or more parties are held responsible for a debt or obligation. “Jointly” means that all parties are responsible for the full amount that is owed (intero importo dovuto) or for the full obligation. “Severally” means that each party is individually responsible for the full amount of that debt or obligation. This means that if one party fails to fulfill their obligation, the other party(ies) may be held responsible for that obligation.
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Hello!
Everyone enjoys making out (emettere) invoices and today we look at some possible translations that may be useful for a Civil Law Notary Public when billing (fatturare) items (voci).
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Hello!
Today we look at the possible basis for a quotation that an Italian Civil Law Notary Public might send to a new client who requires succession, conveyancing or other services:
Dear Ms Jacobs
Subject: quotation for activities to be carried regarding [-] (brief description of activities) Continua a leggere
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Hello!
Today we are in England to we meet John and Mary.
John puts his home up for sale for £500,000. Mary visits the home, loves it and agrees to buy it for £500,000. They shake hands and smile.
Mary immediately calls her lawyer who does various property searches for her (£1,300). She also engages (ingaggia) a surveyor (geometra) who does a physical inspection of the property and writes a favourable report (£750), and a bank who agrees to give her a loan (booking fee: £150 and valuation fee: €500).
Three weeks later John meets Henrietta. He tells her that he is selling his home to Mary for £500,000.
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Hello!
Today we will look at some words that Italian people have borrowed from English, but which are used in a way that native English speakers would not easily understand. In bold is what you should say if want a native English speaker to understand you:
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Hello!
Today we look at two interesting concepts in Land Law, namely an easement (servitù) and a profit à prendre (a volte servitù, o licenza, o usi civici).
Easements may arise (verificarsi) when you want to use another person’s land for a specific purpose, e.g., as a right of way for people, for telephone lines, gas pipelines, sewers (fognature), or for storage (stoccaggio).
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Hello!
Names with reciprocal opposite relationships are often indicated by -er/-or and -ee endings in Legal English.
Generally the party who “does” or “gives” ends in -er/-or, while the party who “receives” ends in -ee. So, for example, an Employer is someone who gives employment to another person known as an Employee.
Lets look at some more common examples like this:
Assignor is a party who assigns or transfers something to another party.
Assignee is the party to whom something is assigned.
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Hello!
Before the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), every company was required to include an objects clause (oggetto sociale) in its memorandum of association (atto costitutivo). This objects clause set out the purpose for which the company was formed and limited the activities of the company to those set out (stabilite) in its objects clause. Any transaction that fell outside the objects clause was ultra vires, which means “outside the capacity of the company”, and therefore void (nulla). Today UK companies are no longer required to have an objects clause.
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Hello!
Many Latin expressions are used in Legal English. Degrees in Law in Common Law countries do not require students to study Latin, so how do you know when you can or can’t use Latin expressions in a legal context? The answer is easy. I have drawn up a list and if a Latin expression is on my list, then it is hot, otherwise it is not. This list does not consider Latin words used in Criminal Law, but only focuses on areas which correspond to the Latin Civil Law. Continua a leggere
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Hello!
Default has quite a few meanings and some may be new for you. It can be used to mean:
He defaulted in payment and the bank foreclosed on (ha pignorato) his car.
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Hello!
Be careful of how you perceive and translate “Agent”.
Agent, or a Company Agent or an Agent of the Company all mean the same thing (mandatario) and can be used interchangeably.
An agency relationship is a relationship between two parties called a Principal (mandante) and an Agent (mandatario). In this relationship the function of the agent is to create one or more contracts between the principal and third parties or to act as the representative of the principal in other ways.
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Make sure you understand how injunction is commonly used in Legal English.
In legal terms an injunction almost always has a negative implication. Fundamentally an injunction is a restrictive court order. It is an order to abstain from doing something or an order NOT TO DO something in the present or the future. For example, in real estate a court may impose an injunction (diffida; ordine di non fare) for the sale of the property to the third-party if a selling party agrees to sell a parcel of land to an individual and subsequently accepts and pursues an offer from a thirdparty purchaser.