Numbers

Transcript:

Hello!

Let’s look at some ways to deal with numbers in English.

Writing numbers:

• Numbers from 1 to 10 are often written as words, e.g.: three people; seven files;
• Numbers from 11 on are almost always written al numbers, e.g.: 27 clients; 350 members.

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Ordinary resolutions vs special resolutions

Transcript:

Hello!

When companies hold general meetings, they pass resolutions (approvare delibere). Remember, companies can hold two types of general meetings: The Annual General Meeting once a year, while any other general meeting for urgent business is called an Extraordinary General Meeting (See Peter’s Pills 29). There can be two types of resolutions passed at any general meeting: ordinary resolutions or special resolutions.

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AGM vs EGM

Transcript:

There are two types of General Meetings that companies have. Students of Legal English should take great care with these two concepts as they may be very different from meetings in your jurisdiction. Continua a leggere →

A going concern

Transcript:

Hello!

In Company Law we use the expression “a going concern” to refer to a business entity (entità imprenditoriale) that we believe will continue to operate into the foreseeable future without the need for intervention of the court or of management to liquidate the entity or to significantly reduce its operational activities.

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Company meeting words

Transcript:

Hello!

Today we will have a test of company meeting words. In order to this mini test, you will have to stop the video and get a pen and paper to write down your answers. Stop the video now and get ready with your pen and paper. If you are ready, start the company meeting multiple choice test now.

Test

1. What do we call a proposal that someone would like to discuss at a company meeting?

(A) A motion
(B) An emotion
(C) A resolution
(D) A movement
(E) A and C
(F) C and D

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Mortgagor vs. mortgagee

Transcript:

Hello!

In Legal English you will come across many nouns that have the same roots but are two opposites. The first one will end with the suffix “-er” or “-or”, while the second will end with the suffix “-ee”.. Continua a leggere →

Fixed charges vs Floating charges

Transcript:

Hello!

Today we look at the difference between fixed charges and floating charges, but first of all we need to understand what a charge is. Continua a leggere →

Doctrine

Transcript:

Hello!
Please pay special attention when you come across the word “doctrine” in English because it may not mean what you think it does.

With reference to law, doctrine means a rule or a principal of law that has come into existence through the repeated application of legal precedents. This means that a doctrine comes into existence because numerous judges have applied a precedent many times over and now everyone knows that this is the way the law sees things, and this notion is now called a doctrine. There is no need to have statutory law on the matter because a precedent and doctrine already exist. Continua a leggere →

Construe

Transcript:

Hello!

Today we look at a great verb in legal English: Construe.

Construe is the legal English equivalent of interpret which is used in general English, but it has a more specific meaning. Continua a leggere →

Sign vs execute

Transcript:

Hello!

Today we look at the difference between sign and execute. Continua a leggere →

The closing statement

Transcript:

Hello! Today we speak about closing statements in the USA which are also known as settlement statements or settlement sheets.

Closing statements are used in real estate transactions to show which costs will be paid by the buyer, and which will be paid by the seller and they are required by law under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974. Continua a leggere →

Writing Business Emails

Transcript:

Hello!

Today we look at writing business emails in English.

In general:

• We tend to avoid sending unnecessary replies (like “Thank you”) as they waste readers’ time;
• Do not use capital letters when writing words. They give the impression you are SHOUTING AT YOUR READER;
• Avoid using ‘emoticons’ in business emails like “:-)” for happy or “:-(” for sad;
• Do not use informal language, slang or abbreviations such as LOL (laugh out loud), BTW (by the way), or ASAP, or expressions like C\wt 2cu (can’t wait to see you). Continua a leggere →

Limited companies

Transcript:

Hello! Today we speak about limited companies in the UK.

The two main types of limited companies in the UK are private limited companies and public limited companies. They are called limited liability companies because shareholders are legally responsible for the debts of the company only to the amount of the nominal value of their shares, and nothing more. Continua a leggere →

Annual Accounts

Transcript:

Hello! Today we speak about Annual Accounts.

In the UK all companies are required to prepare annual accounts. These are also called ‘company accounts’ or ‘statutory accounts’ and the word ‘statutory’ tells us that there are required by statute, which means written legislation. Annual accounts are created from the financial records produced at the end of the financial year. The UK financial year starts on 6 April of one particular year, and it runs (decorrere) until 5 April the next year. This means that the financial year that will start on 6 April 2029, will end on 5 April 2030. Another name for ‘financial year’ is ‘tax year’. Continua a leggere →